The period of a journey by air between the Philippines and Vietnam will depend on a number of components. Origin and vacation spot airports play a major function, as flights from Manila to Hanoi will differ from these between Cebu and Ho Chi Minh Metropolis. Connecting flights sometimes add to the general journey time in comparison with direct routes. Moreover, airways and plane varieties can affect the period because of various speeds and routes.
Understanding journey period is essential for efficient journey planning. Correct estimates allow vacationers to create sensible itineraries, account for potential delays, and reduce journey stress. This data is significant for each enterprise vacationers needing to stick to strict schedules and leisure vacationers aiming to maximise their trip time. Traditionally, acquiring this info concerned consulting journey brokers or airline representatives. Nonetheless, the appearance of on-line journey platforms and search engines like google has simplified the method significantly.
This text will additional discover the components affecting air journey period between these two Southeast Asian nations. Discussions will embody particular route examples, typical durations for widespread routes, and sources for acquiring real-time info. Further matters lined embody suggestions for minimizing journey time and techniques for managing potential delays.
1. Origin Airport
The origin airport inside the Philippines considerably influences the general journey time to Vietnam. Completely different departure factors current various distances to Vietnamese locations, instantly affecting flight period. Moreover, the supply of direct flights versus connecting flights is usually decided by the origin airport. Main worldwide airports like Ninoy Aquino Worldwide Airport (MNL) in Manila sometimes supply extra direct flight choices to Vietnamese cities. Conversely, departing from smaller regional airports like Mactan-Cebu Worldwide Airport (CEB) may necessitate a connecting flight, often by way of Manila or one other hub, including to the whole journey time. As an illustration, a direct flight from Manila to Hanoi may take roughly 2.5 hours, whereas a connecting flight from Cebu to Hanoi, routing by way of Manila, may prolong the journey to five hours or extra.
This distinction in journey time carries sensible implications. Enterprise vacationers working on tight schedules should think about potential layovers and transit instances when selecting their origin airport. Leisure vacationers may prioritize comfort and shorter journey instances, choosing direct flights from main airports even when it requires home journey inside the Philippines to succeed in the worldwide departure level. Understanding the affect of origin airport choice empowers vacationers to optimize their itineraries and reduce pointless journey time. For instance, a traveler from Mindanao intending to go to Ho Chi Minh Metropolis may discover it extra environment friendly to fly from Francisco Bangoy Worldwide Airport (DVO) in Davao Metropolis to Manila, then hook up with a direct flight to Ho Chi Minh Metropolis, reasonably than enduring a number of layovers by way of smaller airports.
Choosing the suitable origin airport entails balancing components akin to flight availability, price, and general journey period. Vacationers are suggested to analysis numerous routing choices, contemplating the potential time financial savings related to direct flights from main airports versus the price and comfort of departing from a better regional airport. This strategic resolution performs a vital function in optimizing journey plans and guaranteeing a easy and environment friendly journey to Vietnam.
2. Vacation spot Airport
The vacation spot airport inside Vietnam performs a vital function in figuring out the general flight time from the Philippines. Vietnam’s geography stretches over a substantial distance, leading to various flight durations relying on the chosen arrival metropolis. Flights to northern locations like Hanoi (Noi Bai Worldwide Airport – HAN) usually entail longer flight instances from the Philippines in comparison with flights to southern cities like Ho Chi Minh Metropolis (Tan Son Nhat Worldwide Airport – SGN). This distinction arises from the geographical distance itself and the potential want for various flight paths or routing. As an illustration, a flight from Manila to Hanoi could take round 2.5 to three hours, whereas a flight from Manila to Ho Chi Minh Metropolis could also be shorter, sometimes round 2 to 2.5 hours.
Past the direct affect of distance, the vacation spot airport’s traits also can affect journey time. Busier airports, akin to Tan Son Nhat Worldwide Airport in Ho Chi Minh Metropolis, could expertise greater air site visitors congestion, resulting in potential delays in arrival instances. Components like airport measurement and infrastructure also can affect floor operations, impacting the time required for disembarkation, baggage declare, and customs clearance. Vacationers arriving at smaller airports like Da Nang Worldwide Airport (DAD) may expertise faster processing instances in comparison with these arriving at main hubs. Understanding these nuances permits for extra correct journey planning. For instance, vacationers connecting to onward home flights inside Vietnam ought to think about potential delays at busy airports like HAN or SGN, particularly throughout peak seasons.
Cautious consideration of the vacation spot airport is important for environment friendly journey planning. Selecting an airport nearer to the ultimate vacation spot inside Vietnam can save beneficial time and reduce journey fatigue. Moreover, researching airport-specific info relating to common processing instances and potential delays can improve preparedness and scale back travel-related stress. This proactive strategy permits vacationers to optimize their itineraries, make knowledgeable selections, and guarantee a smoother journey expertise from the Philippines to Vietnam.
3. Direct vs. Connecting Flights
The selection between direct and connecting flights considerably impacts the general journey time between the Philippines and Vietnam. Direct flights supply the quickest journey possibility, eliminating the necessity for layovers and related ready instances. This effectivity is especially advantageous for time-sensitive vacationers, akin to these on enterprise journeys or with restricted trip time. For instance, a direct flight from Manila to Ho Chi Minh Metropolis may take roughly 2.5 hours. Nonetheless, choosing a connecting flight, usually for price causes or because of restricted direct flight availability from particular origin airports, invariably will increase journey time. A connecting flight from Cebu to Hanoi, routing by way of Manila, may prolong the journey to five hours or extra, incorporating layover time, deplaning and re-boarding, and potential delays.
Connecting flights introduce a number of variables that may affect general journey period. Layover durations can vary from a brief hour to a number of hours, relying on the airline’s schedule and connecting flight availability. Moreover, connecting flights introduce the danger of missed connections because of delays within the preliminary flight leg. This state of affairs can result in vital disruptions in journey plans and necessitate rebooking onto later flights, doubtlessly including a number of hours and even an in a single day keep to the journey. For instance, a delay in a flight from Davao to Manila, supposed to connect with a Hanoi-bound flight, may trigger vacationers to overlook their connection and require an in a single day keep in Manila earlier than persevering with their journey. Selecting a direct flight, when accessible, minimizes these dangers and ensures better predictability in journey time.
Cautious consideration of the trade-offs between direct and connecting flights is essential for efficient journey planning. Whereas connecting flights usually current a decrease price possibility, the potential for prolonged journey instances, missed connections, and added journey stress must be weighed in opposition to the time-saving advantages of direct flights. Evaluating components akin to journey function, finances constraints, and danger tolerance permits vacationers to make knowledgeable selections that align with their particular person wants and priorities. Direct flights supply better management over journey period and reduce potential disruptions, whereas connecting flights could necessitate flexibility and acceptance of potential delays and prolonged journey instances.
4. Airline Selection
Airline choice considerably influences journey period between the Philippines and Vietnam. Completely different airways make use of various flight paths and make the most of totally different plane varieties, instantly affecting flight instances. Some airways prioritize pace and effectivity, providing continuous flights on newer, sooner plane, resulting in shorter journey instances. Different airways, significantly finances carriers, may go for longer flight paths or make the most of older plane, leading to elevated journey durations. Moreover, airways differ of their scheduling practices. Some airways supply extra frequent direct flights, offering better flexibility and doubtlessly shorter general journey instances, whereas others rely totally on connecting flights, which inherently prolong the period. For instance, a full-service airline working a direct flight from Manila to Ho Chi Minh Metropolis on a contemporary jet may supply a flight time of round 2.5 hours. In distinction, a finances airline using an older plane or a much less direct route may prolong the identical journey to three hours or extra. Equally, selecting an airline with a number of every day direct flights offers better flexibility and the potential to pick a flight schedule that minimizes general journey time, whereas being restricted to a single connecting flight per day may necessitate longer layovers and prolong the whole journey period.
Past scheduled flight instances, airline efficiency relating to on-time departures and arrivals additionally impacts general journey period. Airways with sturdy on-time efficiency data contribute to predictable and dependable journey instances, minimizing the danger of delays and disruptions. Conversely, airways with a historical past of frequent delays introduce uncertainty into journey plans, doubtlessly extending the whole journey time considerably. This issue turns into significantly essential when connecting flights are concerned, as even minor delays within the preliminary flight leg can result in missed connections and subsequent prolonged ready instances for different flights. For instance, selecting an airline identified for frequent delays, even for a direct flight, may lead to an prolonged journey because of delayed departures or arrivals. In distinction, choosing an airline with a powerful on-time efficiency report enhances predictability and minimizes the danger of delay-induced journey extensions. Contemplating an airline’s observe report by way of punctuality offers a extra sensible estimate of the particular journey time and permits vacationers to make knowledgeable selections based mostly on reliability and schedule adherence.
Choosing an airline requires cautious analysis of a number of components impacting general journey time. Selecting airways prioritizing pace, effectivity, and direct routes minimizes journey period. Conversely, choosing finances airways or these with restricted direct flight choices necessitates accepting doubtlessly longer flight instances and elevated dangers of delays. Evaluating airline efficiency information, together with on-time efficiency data and common flight durations for particular routes, empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable decisions aligned with their journey priorities and expectations. Understanding the interaction between airline alternative and journey time is important for efficient journey planning and a smoother, extra predictable journey expertise between the Philippines and Vietnam.
5. Plane Kind
Plane kind performs a major function in figuring out flight instances between the Philippines and Vietnam. Completely different plane possess various cruising speeds and operational capabilities, instantly impacting journey period. Trendy jet plane, such because the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737, generally used on worldwide routes, supply greater cruising speeds in comparison with older plane or turboprop fashions. This distinction in pace interprets to shorter flight instances, significantly noticeable on longer routes. As an illustration, a direct flight from Manila to Hanoi on a contemporary jet may take roughly 2.5 hours, whereas the identical route flown on an older or much less environment friendly plane may prolong the period to three hours or extra. Moreover, the vary of an plane influences route planning. Plane with longer ranges can fly extra direct routes, decreasing journey time, whereas these with shorter ranges may require refueling stops or much less direct flight paths, rising general journey period. For instance, an airline using a long-range plane may fly a direct route from Manila to Ho Chi Minh Metropolis, minimizing journey time. In distinction, an airline working a shorter-range plane may want to include a refueling cease or fly a much less direct route, including to the general flight period.
The selection of plane kind additionally influences passenger capability and, not directly, flight availability. Airways working bigger plane can supply extra seats per flight, doubtlessly resulting in better availability and extra flight choices, contributing to scheduling flexibility and lowered general journey time. Conversely, routes served by smaller plane may need restricted flight frequency, doubtlessly necessitating longer layovers or connections, extending complete journey time. Take into account a state of affairs the place an airline employs a large-capacity plane for its Manila to Hanoi route, providing a number of every day direct flights. This state of affairs permits vacationers better flexibility in selecting departure instances and doubtlessly reduces general journey time by minimizing layover durations. In distinction, if the identical route is serviced by a smaller plane with restricted flight frequency, vacationers may face restricted departure choices and doubtlessly longer ready instances for connecting flights, thus rising general journey period.
Understanding the affect of plane kind on flight period is important for knowledgeable journey planning. Whereas vacationers may not at all times have direct management over the plane kind used for a particular flight, consciousness of the connection between plane capabilities and flight instances permits for extra sensible expectations and knowledgeable decision-making. Researching typical plane utilized by airways on particular routes offers insights into potential journey durations. Contemplating plane kind alongside different components, akin to airline alternative and direct versus connecting flight choices, empowers vacationers to optimize their itineraries and reduce journey time between the Philippines and Vietnam.
6. Time of Yr
Seasonal differences considerably affect flight instances between the Philippines and Vietnam. Understanding these fluctuations is essential for correct journey planning and managing expectations relating to potential delays or prolonged journey durations.
-
Peak Season Congestion
Peak journey seasons, akin to holidays and main festivals in each nations, usually result in elevated air site visitors congestion. This congestion can manifest as longer taxiing instances, potential holding patterns earlier than touchdown, and elevated competitors for gate availability. Consequently, flights throughout peak seasons could expertise delays, impacting general journey time. For instance, flights throughout Lunar New Yr or Christmas holidays may expertise prolonged durations because of heightened air site visitors.
-
Climate Circumstances
Climate patterns differ considerably all year long in each the Philippines and Vietnam. Hurricane season within the Philippines, sometimes from June to November, could cause flight cancellations or delays because of sturdy winds, heavy rainfall, and restricted visibility. Equally, monsoon seasons in Vietnam can affect flight schedules. These weather-related disruptions can considerably prolong journey instances or necessitate rebooking onto later flights, including to general journey period.
-
Airline Scheduling
Airways usually alter their flight schedules based mostly on seasonal demand. Throughout peak seasons, airways may improve flight frequency to accommodate greater passenger volumes. Conversely, throughout off-peak seasons, flight frequency may lower, doubtlessly resulting in fewer direct flight choices and elevated reliance on connecting flights, which may prolong journey time. Decreased flight frequency may also restrict flexibility in departure instances, doubtlessly requiring vacationers to decide on much less handy connections and increasing general journey period.
-
Wind Patterns
Prevailing wind patterns can affect flight instances. Flights touring with tailwinds usually expertise shorter durations, whereas these flying in opposition to headwinds encounter longer flight instances. These wind patterns shift all year long, influencing journey durations between the Philippines and Vietnam. As an illustration, flights from Manila to Hanoi may expertise shorter journey instances throughout sure seasons because of favorable wind circumstances, whereas flights in the other way may encounter headwinds throughout the identical interval, resulting in prolonged journey durations.
Contemplating these seasonal components is essential for sensible journey planning. Vacationers ought to anticipate potential delays and prolonged journey instances throughout peak seasons and analysis typical climate patterns for his or her supposed journey dates. Flexibility in journey dates and contemplating different airports or airways can mitigate the affect of differences due to the season on general flight time between the Philippines and Vietnam.
7. Air Visitors Management
Air site visitors management (ATC) performs a vital function in figuring out flight instances between the Philippines and Vietnam. ATC manages the movement of plane inside managed airspace, guaranteeing secure separation between plane and environment friendly utilization of airspace sources. Selections made by air site visitors controllers instantly affect flight routes, altitudes, and speeds, influencing general journey period. For instance, in periods of excessive site visitors quantity, ATC may implement holding patterns, requiring plane to circle in designated areas earlier than being granted touchdown clearance. These holding patterns, whereas essential for security, can add to general flight time. Equally, ATC may direct plane to much less direct flight paths because of climate circumstances, airspace restrictions, or different operational issues. These deviations from optimum routes can prolong flight instances in comparison with direct flight paths below regular working circumstances. Moreover, the effectivity of ATC operations at each departure and arrival airports impacts general journey time. Delays in departure clearances because of congestion on the origin airport or prolonged taxiing instances because of site visitors movement administration on the vacation spot airport contribute to elevated complete journey period. In busy airspaces, akin to these surrounding main hubs in Southeast Asia, environment friendly ATC administration is important for minimizing delays and guaranteeing well timed arrivals and departures.
The interaction between ATC and flight time turns into significantly important throughout contingencies. In conditions involving unexpected occasions, akin to sudden climate modifications or plane emergencies, ATC performs a pivotal function in managing the state of affairs and minimizing disruptions to flight schedules. Efficient communication and coordination between ATC and flight crews allow immediate responses to evolving circumstances, mitigating potential delays and guaranteeing the protection of all plane inside the affected airspace. For instance, if a sudden thunderstorm develops close to the vacation spot airport in Vietnam, ATC may divert approaching plane to different airports or implement holding patterns till the climate improves. These actions, whereas essential for security, can prolong journey instances past preliminary estimates. Equally, within the occasion of an plane emergency, ATC facilitates precedence touchdown clearances and coordinates emergency response providers, which can quickly affect site visitors movement and affect flight instances for different plane within the neighborhood.
Understanding the affect of ATC on flight instances between the Philippines and Vietnam is important for sensible journey planning. Whereas ATC operations try to keep up effectivity and reduce delays, vacationers ought to acknowledge the potential affect of ATC selections on general journey period. Components akin to air site visitors quantity, climate circumstances, and unexpected occasions can all affect ATC operations and, consequently, flight instances. Recognizing this inherent variability permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and alter journey plans accordingly. Consulting real-time flight monitoring providers and staying knowledgeable about climate circumstances or different potential disruptions can help vacationers in managing expectations and minimizing the affect of ATC-related delays on their journey expertise.
8. Climate Circumstances
Climate circumstances characterize a important issue influencing flight instances between the Philippines and Vietnam. Each nations expertise numerous climate patterns, together with storm seasons and monsoon durations, able to considerably impacting air journey. Hostile climate, akin to heavy rain, sturdy winds, or restricted visibility, can result in flight delays, diversions, or cancellations. These disruptions can improve general journey time considerably. For instance, a storm impacting the Manila space may delay departures from Ninoy Aquino Worldwide Airport (MNL), resulting in missed connections and prolonged layovers for passengers touring onward to Vietnam. Equally, heavy monsoon rains in Ho Chi Minh Metropolis may trigger arrival delays or diversions to alternate airports, including to the whole journey period for incoming flights from the Philippines. Even much less extreme climate circumstances, akin to sturdy crosswinds on the vacation spot airport, can affect touchdown procedures and improve taxiing instances, contributing to minor delays.
The dynamic nature of climate necessitates steady monitoring and evaluation by airways and air site visitors management. Airways make real-time selections relating to flight operations based mostly on prevailing climate circumstances and forecasts. Selections to delay or cancel flights prioritize passenger security and cling to established operational pointers. These selections, whereas essential, instantly have an effect on flight schedules and, consequently, general journey instances. As an illustration, an airline may delay a flight from Cebu to Hanoi because of a creating thunderstorm alongside the deliberate flight path. This delay, whereas supposed to make sure secure passage, extends the whole journey time for passengers. In additional extreme instances, flights is likely to be diverted to alternate airports if circumstances on the supposed vacation spot are deemed unsafe for touchdown. Such diversions usually necessitate floor transportation to the unique vacation spot airport, including considerably to general journey period. Understanding potential weather-related delays permits vacationers to handle expectations and plan accordingly.
Managing the affect of climate circumstances on flight instances requires proactive planning and suppleness. Vacationers ought to seek the advice of climate forecasts earlier than and through their journeys, acknowledging the potential for delays or disruptions. Selecting journey insurance coverage providing journey interruption protection can mitigate the monetary affect of weather-related delays or cancellations. Constructing buffer time into itineraries, significantly for connecting flights, can present flexibility in managing sudden delays. Remaining knowledgeable about flight standing by way of airline web sites or cellular purposes permits vacationers to regulate plans as wanted and reduce the disruptive affect of climate on journey plans between the Philippines and Vietnam.
Continuously Requested Questions
This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to flight durations between the Philippines and Vietnam, offering concise and informative responses.
Query 1: What’s the common flight time between Manila and Ho Chi Minh Metropolis?
Direct flights between Manila (MNL) and Ho Chi Minh Metropolis (SGN) sometimes vary from 2 to 2.5 hours. Nonetheless, precise flight instances can differ based mostly on particular airline, plane kind, and climate circumstances.
Query 2: How lengthy does it take to fly from Cebu to Hanoi?
Direct flights between Cebu (CEB) and Hanoi (HAN) are much less frequent. Most routes contain a connecting flight, usually by way of Manila, leading to complete journey instances of 5 hours or extra, together with layover period.
Query 3: Do flight instances differ considerably between airways?
Sure, flight instances can differ between airways because of components akin to plane kind, chosen flight paths, and potential refueling stops. It’s advisable to match flight durations supplied by totally different airways when reserving.
Query 4: How do climate circumstances have an effect on flight instances?
Hostile climate, akin to typhoons or monsoons, could cause vital flight delays or cancellations. Vacationers ought to anticipate potential disruptions throughout inclement climate and contemplate journey insurance coverage providing journey interruption protection.
Query 5: Are there differences due to the season in flight instances?
Sure, flight instances will be influenced by seasonal components. Peak journey seasons may expertise longer flight instances because of elevated air site visitors congestion, whereas wind patterns throughout sure instances of the yr can have an effect on flight durations.
Query 6: The place can one discover real-time info on flight instances and potential delays?
Actual-time flight info will be obtained by way of numerous on-line sources, together with airline web sites, flight monitoring purposes, and on-line journey companies. These sources present up-to-date info on flight schedules, potential delays, and gate info.
Understanding these components empowers vacationers to handle expectations and plan accordingly. Consulting official airline schedules and real-time flight monitoring providers offers essentially the most correct and present info.
The next part will discover methods for minimizing journey time and mitigating potential delays when touring between the Philippines and Vietnam.
Suggestions for Optimizing Journey Time Between the Philippines and Vietnam
Minimizing journey time and mitigating potential disruptions requires proactive planning and strategic decision-making. The next suggestions supply steerage for optimizing journey preparations and guaranteeing a smoother journey between the Philippines and Vietnam.
Tip 1: Ebook Direct Flights Each time Potential: Direct flights eradicate layover instances and related dangers of missed connections, considerably decreasing general journey period. Prioritizing direct routes, even when barely dearer, usually proves extra time-efficient in the long term.
Tip 2: Choose Main Airports for Elevated Direct Flight Choices: Bigger worldwide airports, akin to Manila’s Ninoy Aquino Worldwide Airport (MNL), usually supply a wider choice of direct flights to Vietnamese locations in comparison with smaller regional airports. Choosing a serious airport because the origin level, even when it requires home journey inside the Philippines, can save vital journey time.
Tip 3: Analysis Airline Schedules and On-Time Efficiency: Airways differ of their scheduling practices and punctuality. Choosing airways identified for dependable on-time efficiency and frequent direct flights minimizes the danger of delays and contributes to predictable journey instances.
Tip 4: Take into account Journey Time Variability Primarily based on Vacation spot Airport: Acknowledge that flight instances to totally different Vietnamese cities differ because of geographical distances and potential air site visitors congestion at particular airports. Selecting an arrival airport nearer to the ultimate vacation spot inside Vietnam can scale back general journey time and floor transportation necessities.
Tip 5: Monitor Climate Forecasts and Journey Advisories: Keep knowledgeable about climate circumstances and potential journey disruptions because of typhoons, monsoons, or different opposed climate occasions. Flexibility in journey dates and contemplating journey insurance coverage providing journey interruption protection can mitigate the affect of weather-related delays.
Tip 6: Consider Airport Processing Occasions and Potential Delays: Account for time required for check-in, safety clearance, immigration procedures, and baggage declare, particularly at busy airports. Constructing buffer time into itineraries reduces the danger of missed connections because of sudden delays.
Tip 7: Make the most of Actual-Time Flight Monitoring Companies: Monitor flight standing by way of airline web sites or cellular purposes for real-time updates on departure and arrival instances, gate info, and potential delays. This info permits for proactive changes to journey plans and minimizes disruption attributable to sudden modifications.
Tip 8: Pack Mild to Expedite Airport Procedures: Touring with carry-on baggage eliminates the necessity for checked baggage dealing with, decreasing ready time at baggage declare and streamlining transit by way of airports. This streamlined strategy minimizes potential delays and contributes to a smoother general journey expertise.
Implementing these methods enhances journey effectivity and minimizes potential disruptions. Proactive planning and knowledgeable decision-making contribute to a smoother, extra predictable journey expertise between the Philippines and Vietnam.
The next conclusion summarizes key takeaways and gives remaining suggestions for optimizing journey time between these two Southeast Asian nations.
Conclusion
Efficient administration of journey time between the Philippines and Vietnam necessitates a complete understanding of influencing components. Geographical distance, origin and vacation spot airport choices, airline decisions, plane varieties, and prevailing climate circumstances all contribute to general journey period. Direct flights, whereas usually dearer, usually supply the shortest journey instances by eliminating layovers and minimizing connection-related dangers. Selecting main airports as departure and arrival factors ceaselessly offers entry to a broader vary of direct flight choices. Moreover, contemplating airline on-time efficiency data and typical plane used on particular routes permits extra correct estimations of sensible journey durations. Seasonal differences, together with peak journey durations and climate patterns, introduce inherent variability in flight instances, necessitating flexibility and proactive planning. Air site visitors management procedures, whereas important for security, can introduce delays, particularly below excessive site visitors quantity or opposed climate circumstances. Lastly, unexpected occasions underscore the significance of real-time flight monitoring and preparedness for potential disruptions.
Minimizing journey time finally hinges on knowledgeable decision-making and proactive planning. Thorough analysis, cautious consideration of influencing components, and versatile itinerary design empower vacationers to optimize journey durations. Using accessible sources, akin to on-line flight comparability instruments, real-time flight monitoring providers, and climate forecasts, additional enhances preparedness and facilitates knowledgeable decisions. Strategic planning not solely minimizes journey time but additionally mitigates potential disruptions, contributing to a smoother, extra environment friendly, and finally extra fulfilling journey expertise between the Philippines and Vietnam.
