Zurich to Boston Flight Time: 8+ Hours Direct


Zurich to Boston Flight Time: 8+ Hours Direct

The length of a journey by air between Zurich, Switzerland and Boston, Massachusetts is influenced by a number of components. These embrace the particular route chosen by the airline, prevailing wind circumstances, and any vital layovers. A continuous journey is usually shorter than one involving a connection in one other metropolis. For instance, a direct route may take roughly eight hours whereas a flight with a layover may prolong the entire journey time considerably.

Understanding the everyday size of this transatlantic journey is crucial for vacationers planning itineraries. This data permits efficient scheduling of connecting flights, floor transportation, and different actions. Traditionally, advances in aviation expertise have decreased journey instances between continents. Being conscious of the present common length permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices about flight decisions and maximize their time.

This info is essential to planning a visit successfully. The next sections will discover particular airline routes, common durations, differences due to the season, and ideas for minimizing journey time between Zurich and Boston. Additional dialogue will cowl the impression of layovers and supply recommendation on deciding on essentially the most handy flights.

1. Continuous flights

Continuous flights symbolize a crucial issue influencing the general journey time between Zurich and Boston. Their availability and frequency considerably impression scheduling flexibility and passenger comfort. Understanding the nuances of continuous choices gives vacationers with helpful insights for optimizing their journey.

  • Scheduled Flight Period

    Continuous flights sometimes supply the shortest journey time between Zurich and Boston, typically starting from 7 to 9 hours. This minimizes general journey length in comparison with itineraries involving connections. Airways typically publish scheduled flight instances, offering vacationers with a baseline expectation. Nonetheless, precise flight instances can range resulting from components reminiscent of air site visitors management and climate circumstances.

  • Airline Choices and Frequency

    A number of airways supply continuous service between Zurich and Boston, though frequency can range relying on the season and market demand. Vacationers profit from researching out there airways and their respective schedules to establish choices aligning with their desired journey dates and instances. Direct flight availability considerably streamlines the reserving course of.

  • Premium Cabin Availability

    Continuous flights typically present a wider vary of cabin class choices, together with enterprise and top notch, catering to various passenger wants and preferences. The supply of premium cabins permits vacationers to pick a degree of service and luxury aligning with their particular person necessities, probably enhancing the general journey expertise.

  • Airport Effectivity and Transit Time

    Choosing a continuous flight eliminates the necessity to transit by connecting airports, considerably decreasing the general journey time and minimizing potential disruptions related to connecting flights. This streamlined course of contributes to a extra environment friendly and fewer traumatic journey expertise.

Contemplating some great benefits of continuous flights, significantly the decreased journey time and enhanced comfort, turns into paramount when planning a visit from Zurich to Boston. Cautious analysis of accessible continuous choices permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices primarily based on their particular person priorities and preferences, finally contributing to a extra environment friendly and satisfying journey.

2. Connecting Flights

Connecting flights play a major position within the general length of journey between Zurich and Boston, typically presenting a trade-off between value and time. Whereas probably providing decrease fares in comparison with continuous choices, connecting flights introduce further journey time resulting from layovers and transfers. The general length is influenced by components reminiscent of layover length, airport measurement, and connection effectivity. For example, a connecting flight by a serious European hub like Amsterdam or Frankfurt may add a number of hours to the entire journey time in comparison with a continuous flight, significantly if the layover is prolonged. Conversely, a brief layover in a smaller, extra environment friendly airport may solely marginally improve the entire journey time. Understanding the implications of connecting flights on whole journey time is essential for efficient itinerary planning.

A number of components contribute to prolonged journey instances related to connecting flights. Navigating unfamiliar airports throughout transfers, potential delays resulting from missed connections, and baggage dealing with complexities can add unexpected time to the general journey. For instance, a good connection in a big airport like London Heathrow may necessitate a brisk stroll between terminals, growing the chance of a missed connection if the incoming flight is delayed. Moreover, baggage dealing with procedures can introduce delays, particularly with worldwide connections. Passengers may expertise extended waits at baggage declare, significantly if their baggage must be re-checked throughout a layover. Consequently, factoring in potential delays and switch instances turns into important when selecting connecting flights. A seemingly brief layover may show inadequate if unexpected circumstances come up.

Strategic collection of connecting flights requires cautious consideration of varied components. Evaluating layover length, airport measurement, and the potential for delays permits vacationers to mitigate dangers and optimize their itineraries. Choosing longer layovers can present a buffer in opposition to unexpected delays however necessitates spending extra time in transit. Conversely, shorter layovers decrease general journey time however improve the chance of lacking connections. Finally, balancing the trade-off between value, comfort, and potential delays turns into essential when selecting connecting flights between Zurich and Boston. A complete understanding of those components permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices aligned with their particular person journey priorities.

3. Airline Selection

Airline selection considerably influences the general journey time between Zurich and Boston. Totally different airways make use of various route methods, impacting flight length. Some airways prioritize direct routes, minimizing journey time, whereas others make the most of connecting flights by hub airports, probably extending the journey. For instance, Swiss Worldwide Air Strains typically affords continuous flights, sometimes leading to a shorter journey time in comparison with airways routing passengers by different European cities. Choosing an airline providing a direct route typically minimizes general journey time, whereas choosing connecting flights typically necessitates longer journeys resulting from layovers and transfers.

Past route technique, airline operational effectivity additionally impacts flight instances. Airways with strong operational efficiency have a tendency to stick extra intently to scheduled instances, minimizing potential delays. Conversely, airways with a historical past of delays may expertise prolonged journey instances resulting from operational inefficiencies. Moreover, plane sort choice influences cruising velocity and, consequently, flight length. Some airways make the most of newer, extra fuel-efficient plane able to increased cruising speeds, probably decreasing journey time in comparison with older plane. Due to this fact, contemplating an airline’s operational reliability and plane decisions contributes to a extra knowledgeable decision-making course of, significantly when time sensitivity is paramount.

Strategic airline choice requires cautious consideration of route choices, operational efficiency, and plane sorts. Prioritizing direct routes and airways recognized for punctuality typically minimizes journey time. Conversely, choosing connecting flights or airways with much less dependable operational efficiency may result in prolonged journeys. Understanding these nuances empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable choices aligned with their journey priorities. Finally, deciding on an applicable airline contemplating these components performs an important position in optimizing journey time between Zurich and Boston.

4. Seasonal Variations

Seasonal differences exert a notable affect on flight instances between Zurich and Boston. Prevailing wind patterns, significantly the jet stream, shift all year long, impacting each eastbound and westbound transatlantic flights. Throughout winter months, the jet stream sometimes strengthens and shifts southward, typically leading to sooner eastbound flights from Boston to Zurich resulting from tailwinds. Conversely, westbound flights from Zurich to Boston regularly encounter headwinds throughout winter, probably growing flight length. For instance, a westbound flight in January may expertise an extended flight time in comparison with an analogous flight in July resulting from stronger headwinds. Understanding these differences due to the season in wind patterns gives vacationers with helpful context for anticipating potential fluctuations in flight instances.

Past wind patterns, climate techniques additionally contribute to differences due to the season in flight instances. Winter storms, frequent in each North America and Europe, may cause flight delays and necessitate rerouting, probably extending journey time. Moreover, de-icing procedures throughout winter months add time to pre-flight preparations, additional contributing to potential delays. Conversely, summer time months typically expertise extra secure climate circumstances, decreasing the chance of weather-related delays. For example, a flight scheduled throughout a winter storm may expertise vital delays in comparison with a flight scheduled throughout a transparent summer time day. Consequently, contemplating seasonal climate patterns turns into essential for anticipating potential disruptions and planning accordingly. Vacationers ought to anticipate potential variations in flight instances primarily based on the time of yr and plan itineraries with flexibility to accommodate potential delays.

In abstract, differences due to the season introduce a component of unpredictability to flight instances between Zurich and Boston. Wind patterns and climate techniques fluctuate all year long, impacting each eastbound and westbound flights. Acknowledging these seasonal influences permits vacationers to anticipate potential variations in flight durations and plan itineraries accordingly. Flexibility stays important, significantly throughout winter months, when weather-related disruptions are extra frequent. By understanding these differences due to the season, vacationers can mitigate potential journey challenges and optimize their journey between Zurich and Boston.

5. Wind Situations

Wind circumstances symbolize a major issue influencing flight instances between Zurich and Boston. The prevailing winds, significantly the jet stream, instantly impression an plane’s floor velocity and, consequently, the general length of a transatlantic flight. Understanding the affect of wind patterns is essential for anticipating potential variations in journey time.

  • Jet Stream Impression

    The jet stream, a band of sturdy winds excessive within the ambiance, flows west to east throughout the North Atlantic. Westbound flights from Zurich to Boston typically encounter headwinds from the jet stream, growing flight length. Conversely, eastbound flights profit from tailwinds, decreasing journey time. The energy and place of the jet stream range seasonally, impacting flight instances in another way all year long.

  • Headwinds and Tailwinds

    Headwinds, blowing in opposition to the course of journey, lower an plane’s floor velocity, extending flight time. Tailwinds, pushing an plane alongside its flight path, improve floor velocity and shorten journey time. The impression of headwinds and tailwinds on flight length is especially pronounced on long-haul flights like these between Zurich and Boston. For instance, a powerful headwind can add a major period of time to a westbound transatlantic flight.

  • Wind Shear

    Wind shear, a sudden change in wind velocity or course, can pose challenges throughout takeoff and touchdown. Pilots should modify to those quickly altering circumstances, probably impacting flight instances. Whereas in a roundabout way influencing the general cruise time, wind shear can necessitate holding patterns or go-arounds, not directly affecting the entire journey length. Extreme wind shear may even result in flight diversions, including significantly to the general journey time.

  • Forecasting and Flight Planning

    Airways and pilots make the most of refined climate forecasting fashions to foretell wind circumstances alongside deliberate flight paths. This info informs flight planning choices, together with route choice and gasoline calculations. Changes to flight plans could also be made to account for anticipated wind circumstances, aiming to optimize flight instances and gasoline effectivity. Correct wind forecasts contribute to minimizing the impression of antagonistic wind circumstances on flight schedules.

In conclusion, wind circumstances play a crucial position in figuring out the precise flight time between Zurich and Boston. The interaction of jet stream dynamics, headwinds, tailwinds, and wind shear contributes to variations in journey time. Airways and pilots actively take into account these components throughout flight planning to mitigate potential disruptions and optimize flight effectivity. Due to this fact, understanding the affect of wind circumstances gives helpful context for anticipating potential variations in journey time between these two cities.

6. Air Site visitors Management

Air site visitors management (ATC) performs an important position in figuring out the precise flight time between Zurich and Boston. Whereas scheduled flight instances present an estimated length, ATC interventions can considerably impression the general journey time. ATC manages the move of air site visitors, guaranteeing secure separation between plane and environment friendly utilization of airspace. This administration encompasses assigning routes, altitudes, and speeds to plane, instantly influencing flight paths and, consequently, flight durations. For instance, an plane is likely to be instructed to carry at a particular altitude resulting from site visitors congestion, including to the general flight time. Equally, rerouting resulting from climate circumstances or different unexpected circumstances, as directed by ATC, can prolong the journey.

The impression of ATC on flight time turns into significantly pronounced during times of excessive site visitors quantity or antagonistic climate circumstances. Throughout peak journey seasons or throughout climate occasions impacting main airports alongside the Zurich-Boston route, ATC interventions change into extra frequent. Holding patterns, rerouting, and floor delays change into extra frequent, probably including vital time to journeys. Moreover, the interconnectedness of air site visitors techniques signifies that delays in a single location can cascade by the community, impacting flights in different areas. For example, a major delay at a serious European hub resulting from ATC restrictions may impression the departure time of a subsequent flight from Zurich to Boston, even when climate circumstances in Zurich are optimum. Understanding the potential impression of ATC delays emphasizes the significance of factoring in potential buffer time when planning worldwide journey.

In abstract, ATC features as a crucial part influencing flight instances between Zurich and Boston. Whereas typically working seamlessly within the background, ATC interventions can considerably impression journey durations, significantly throughout peak intervals or antagonistic climate circumstances. Delays, rerouting, and holding patterns, all managed by ATC, contribute to variations in precise flight instances. Recognizing the dynamic interaction between ATC and flight length underscores the significance of flexibility and knowledgeable planning when touring between Zurich and Boston. Vacationers ought to take into account potential ATC-related delays as a inherent side of air journey and incorporate contingency plans into their itineraries.

7. Plane Sort

Plane sort performs a major position in figuring out flight time between Zurich and Boston. Totally different plane fashions possess various efficiency traits, together with cruising velocity, gasoline effectivity, and vary. These components instantly affect the length of a transatlantic flight. Understanding the connection between plane sort and flight time permits knowledgeable decision-making when deciding on flights and managing journey expectations.

  • Cruising Velocity

    Cruising velocity, the everyday velocity maintained throughout a flight’s cruise section, instantly impacts flight time. Plane with increased cruising speeds can traverse the space between Zurich and Boston extra shortly. For example, a Boeing 787 Dreamliner, recognized for its increased cruising velocity, may full the journey sooner than an older Airbus A330. Variations in cruising velocity, even seemingly small, can accumulate over a long-haul flight, leading to noticeable variations in general journey time.

  • Gasoline Effectivity

    Gasoline effectivity not directly influences flight time. Extra fuel-efficient plane can probably fly longer distances with out refueling stops. Whereas in a roundabout way affecting cruising velocity, elevated vary permits airways to decide on extra direct routes, probably decreasing journey time. For instance, an ultra-long-haul plane just like the Airbus A350 can typically fly continuous routes, minimizing journey time in comparison with plane requiring a refueling cease. Selecting a flight operated by a fuel-efficient plane might supply a barely extra direct route and, subsequently, a shorter flight time.

  • Plane Dimension and Capability

    Plane measurement and capability can not directly have an effect on flight time resulting from their affect on takeoff and touchdown procedures. Bigger plane sometimes require longer takeoff and touchdown rolls, probably including a couple of minutes to the general journey. Whereas negligible in comparison with the entire flight length, these minor variations can change into related when contemplating connecting flights or tight schedules. Nonetheless, bigger plane don’t essentially indicate longer flight instances throughout the cruise section.

  • Route Optimization primarily based on Plane Efficiency

    Airways take into account plane efficiency traits when optimizing flight routes. Components reminiscent of prevailing winds, air site visitors management constraints, and plane capabilities affect route choice. A extra environment friendly route, tailor-made to the particular plane sort, can scale back flight time in comparison with a much less optimum route. This optimization course of considers components past simply the plane’s velocity, incorporating a variety of variables to attenuate general journey time.

In conclusion, plane sort considerably contributes to the general flight time between Zurich and Boston. Cruising velocity, gasoline effectivity, and the interaction with route optimization all play a job in figuring out the length of a transatlantic journey. Understanding these components permits vacationers to make extra knowledgeable decisions when deciding on flights and managing journey expectations. By contemplating the plane sort, passengers can anticipate potential variations in flight instances and choose choices aligning with their journey priorities.

8. Route Effectivity

Route effectivity considerably impacts flight instances between Zurich and Boston. A extra environment friendly route interprets to a shorter flight length, all different components being equal. A number of parts contribute to route effectivity, every taking part in an important position in minimizing journey time.

  • Nice Circle Routes

    Nice circle routes symbolize the shortest distance between two factors on a sphere. Flights typically approximate these routes to attenuate journey distance and, consequently, flight time. Nonetheless, deviations from the best nice circle path typically happen resulting from components like air site visitors management restrictions, prevailing winds, and no-fly zones. For instance, a flight may deviate barely northward to benefit from favorable jet stream winds, regardless that it will increase the entire distance traveled. Whereas not strictly adhering to the nice circle route, this strategic deviation can nonetheless scale back general flight time.

  • Air Site visitors Management Constraints

    Air site visitors management (ATC) dictates plane routing inside managed airspace. ATC-imposed restrictions, reminiscent of holding patterns and rerouting resulting from site visitors congestion or climate, can compromise route effectivity and prolong flight instances. A flight is likely to be directed to observe a much less direct path to take care of secure separation from different plane, leading to an extended flight length. These ATC-related deviations, whereas vital for security, can generally considerably impression route effectivity.

  • Climate Programs

    Climate techniques, together with thunderstorms and areas of turbulence, necessitate route changes to make sure passenger security and luxury. Flights typically deviate round extreme climate, growing whole distance traveled and, consequently, flight time. For example, a flight encountering a serious storm system over the Atlantic is likely to be rerouted considerably south or north to keep away from the storm, including appreciable time to the journey. Whereas prioritizing security, these weather-related deviations can considerably compromise route effectivity.

  • Wind Situations

    Wind circumstances, significantly the jet stream, considerably affect route effectivity. Flights typically modify routes to capitalize on favorable tailwinds or keep away from sturdy headwinds. A flight from Zurich to Boston may deviate barely north to make the most of the jet stream’s tailwinds, probably decreasing flight time regardless of growing whole distance. Conversely, avoiding sturdy headwinds can enhance route effectivity even when the chosen path barely deviates from the nice circle route.

Optimizing route effectivity requires balancing a number of components. Whereas nice circle routes symbolize the theoretical superb, sensible constraints necessitate deviations. ATC restrictions, climate techniques, and wind circumstances affect route planning choices. Finally, minimizing flight time between Zurich and Boston entails strategically balancing these competing components to attain essentially the most environment friendly route doable given real-world circumstances. Airways make use of refined flight planning techniques to think about these dynamic parts and decide essentially the most environment friendly route for every flight.

9. Scheduled Time

Scheduled time, representing the deliberate departure and arrival instances revealed by airways, gives a framework for understanding and planning flights between Zurich and Boston. Whereas precise flight instances can deviate resulting from numerous components, scheduled instances function an important reference level for vacationers, airways, and airport operations. A complete understanding of scheduled time and its implications facilitates efficient journey planning and administration of expectations.

  • Revealed Schedules and Itinerary Planning

    Revealed flight schedules kind the idea of itinerary planning. Vacationers depend on these schedules to coordinate connecting flights, floor transportation, and lodging preparations. Scheduled instances enable for synchronization of journey plans with different commitments and actions. For instance, a traveler may choose a flight arriving in Boston with adequate time to connect with a home flight or attain a scheduled assembly. Correct interpretation of scheduled instances is crucial for seamless journey preparations.

  • Buffer Time and Contingency Planning

    Scheduled instances present a baseline for incorporating buffer time into journey plans. Recognizing that precise flight instances can deviate from scheduled instances resulting from components like climate and air site visitors management, incorporating buffer time mitigates the chance of missed connections or schedule disruptions. For example, a traveler connecting to a different flight may schedule an extended layover to accommodate potential delays. Sufficient buffer time enhances resilience in opposition to unexpected circumstances and contributes to a smoother journey expertise.

  • Time Zone Variations and Itinerary Interpretation

    Scheduled instances replicate native time zones, requiring cautious interpretation when planning worldwide journey between Zurich and Boston. The six-hour time distinction necessitates changing scheduled instances to grasp arrival and departure instances within the respective native instances. Misinterpreting time zones can result in scheduling errors and journey disruptions. Due to this fact, precisely changing scheduled instances between time zones turns into essential for efficient itinerary administration.

  • Airline Schedule Reliability and On-Time Efficiency

    Airline schedule reliability and on-time efficiency affect the sensible utility of scheduled instances. Airways with persistently excessive on-time efficiency present vacationers with better confidence within the accuracy of revealed schedules. Conversely, airways with a historical past of delays require incorporating bigger buffer instances to account for potential deviations from scheduled instances. Contemplating airline on-time efficiency enhances the predictability of journey plans and minimizes the impression of potential delays.

In conclusion, scheduled time serves as a crucial reference level for understanding and planning flights between Zurich and Boston. Whereas topic to variations resulting from operational and environmental components, scheduled instances present a framework for itinerary planning, contingency planning, and managing time zone variations. Understanding the nuances of scheduled time, together with airline reliability and the significance of buffer time, contributes to a extra environment friendly and fewer traumatic journey expertise.

Steadily Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning flight durations between Zurich and Boston. Readability on these factors assists vacationers in making knowledgeable choices and managing expectations.

Query 1: What’s the typical flight time for a continuous flight between Zurich and Boston?

Continuous flights typically vary from 7 to 9 hours, relying on components reminiscent of wind circumstances and particular routing.

Query 2: How do connecting flights have an effect on the general journey time?

Connecting flights invariably add to the entire journey time resulting from layovers. The general length is dependent upon the connection location, layover size, and switch effectivity between airports. Connecting flights can prolong journey time considerably, generally exceeding 12 hours.

Query 3: Which airways supply direct flights between Zurich and Boston?

A number of airways, together with Swiss Worldwide Air Strains, typically supply direct flights. It’s advisable to seek the advice of on-line journey businesses or particular person airline web sites for present route info.

Query 4: How do differences due to the season impression flight instances?

Seasonal differences in wind patterns and climate techniques affect flight durations. Westbound flights throughout winter months may expertise longer durations resulting from headwinds, whereas eastbound flights might profit from tailwinds.

Query 5: How can one discover essentially the most up-to-date info on flight instances and schedules?

Consulting respected on-line journey businesses or instantly checking the web sites of particular airways gives essentially the most present and correct info on flight schedules and durations.

Query 6: What are the first components impacting precise flight instances?

Precise flight instances are influenced by a number of components, together with wind circumstances, air site visitors management directives, route effectivity, and any unexpected circumstances reminiscent of climate diversions.

Understanding these frequent queries permits for a practical evaluation of potential journey durations and assists in knowledgeable flight choice.

The following part gives sensible ideas for minimizing journey time and maximizing consolation on flights between Zurich and Boston.

Suggestions for Minimizing Journey Time Between Zurich and Boston

Minimizing journey time requires strategic planning and consideration of a number of components. The following tips supply steering for optimizing journey preparations and mitigating potential delays.

Tip 1: Prioritize Non-Cease Flights: Choosing continuous flights eliminates layover time and minimizes potential disruptions related to connecting flights. Direct routes sometimes supply the shortest journey time between Zurich and Boston.

Tip 2: Contemplate Airline Schedules Rigorously: Analyze airline schedules and select flights that align with desired arrival and departure instances. Consider time zone variations and potential delays when evaluating schedules.

Tip 3: Guide Flights Throughout Off-Peak Seasons: Touring throughout much less congested intervals, such because the shoulder seasons (spring and fall), can scale back the chance of delays related to excessive site visitors quantity. Fewer passengers and fewer air site visitors typically contribute to smoother airport operations.

Tip 4: Monitor Climate Forecasts: Keep knowledgeable about climate circumstances alongside the flight path and at each departure and arrival airports. Consciousness of potential climate disruptions permits for proactive changes to journey plans.

Tip 5: Select Airways with Sturdy On-Time Efficiency: Choosing airways recognized for punctuality and environment friendly operations mitigates the chance of delays. Analysis airline on-time efficiency statistics when making reserving choices.

Tip 6: Pack Gentle and Effectively: Minimizing carry-on and checked baggage streamlines the airport expertise, decreasing time spent at check-in and baggage declare. Environment friendly packing additionally contributes to a smoother transition by safety checkpoints.

Tip 7: Make the most of On-line Verify-In and Cell Boarding Passes: On-line check-in and cellular boarding passes expedite the airport course of, decreasing time spent in queues and permitting for better management over seating assignments.

Tip 8: Familiarize oneself with Airport Layouts: Understanding airport layouts, significantly for connecting flights, minimizes transit time between gates. Prior analysis of airport maps and terminal layouts can facilitate environment friendly navigation throughout transfers.

Implementing these methods enhances the effectivity of journey preparations and contributes to a smoother, much less time-consuming journey between Zurich and Boston. Cautious planning and proactive decision-making optimize journey time and decrease potential disruptions.

This compilation of knowledge and proposals facilitates knowledgeable decision-making for vacationers planning journeys between Zurich and Boston. By contemplating these components, people can optimize their journey experiences.

Conclusion

Flight time between Zurich and Boston represents a multifaceted subject influenced by a confluence of things. This exploration has highlighted the impression of direct versus connecting routes, airline decisions, differences due to the season, wind patterns, air site visitors management, plane sort, route effectivity, and scheduled instances. Understanding the interaction of those parts gives a complete perspective on potential variations in journey length. Continuous flights typically supply the shortest journey instances, whereas connecting flights introduce variability depending on layover durations and switch efficiencies. Airline operational practices and plane efficiency traits additional contribute to general flight instances.

Efficient administration of journey expectations necessitates an intensive understanding of those contributing components. Knowledgeable decision-making, contemplating route choices, airline efficiency, and seasonal influences, empowers vacationers to optimize itineraries and decrease potential disruptions. Additional analysis into particular airline routes and schedules gives vacationers with the mandatory instruments for environment friendly and knowledgeable journey planning between Zurich and Boston.