Chicago to LA Flight Time: How Long?


Chicago to LA Flight Time: How Long?

The period of air journey between Chicago and Los Angeles is often influenced by a number of components, together with the precise route taken, climate circumstances, and air visitors management. Direct flights typically vary from roughly 4 to 5 hours. Connecting flights naturally add to the whole journey time, relying on the layover period and placement. As an illustration, a flight with a one-hour layover in Denver would lengthen the general journey significantly in comparison with a nonstop choice.

Understanding the everyday flight period is crucial for efficient journey planning. Correct time estimations enable vacationers to rearrange connecting flights, floor transportation, and lodging seamlessly. This data minimizes the danger of missed connections and facilitates the creation of sensible itineraries. Traditionally, the journey between these two main cities took considerably longer by different modes of transportation. The appearance of economic aviation revolutionized journey, drastically decreasing the time required to traverse such distances and facilitating enterprise and leisure actions.

This text will additional discover the nuances of Chicago to Los Angeles flights, delving into subjects similar to airline choices, route variations, seasonal impacts on flight occasions, and methods for locating one of the best fares. This data will empower vacationers to make knowledgeable selections and optimize their journey based mostly on particular person wants and preferences.

1. Direct flight

The “4-5 hours” determine represents the everyday period of a direct flight between Chicago and Los Angeles. This timeframe signifies a vital baseline for understanding total journey time. Selecting a direct flight minimizes journey period, eliminating the necessity for layovers and related ready durations. For instance, a enterprise traveler needing to attend a gathering in Los Angeles on the identical day may depart from Chicago on a morning direct flight and arrive with ample time, whereas a connecting flight would possibly introduce extreme delays and jeopardize the schedule. This direct flight period is crucial for calculating complete journey time, together with airport procedures and floor transportation, enabling exact scheduling and minimizing potential disruptions.

Direct flights usually provide a extra predictable journey expertise. Whereas unexpected circumstances like climate or air visitors management can nonetheless influence journey time, the absence of connecting flights reduces the danger of compounded delays. As an illustration, a delay on the primary leg of a connecting flight may cause passengers to overlook the second leg, leading to vital inconvenience and potential rescheduling prices. Choosing a direct flight mitigates this threat. The 4-5 hour period represents a comparatively quick and manageable flight time, contributing to a extra snug and environment friendly journey expertise, notably for these delicate to longer journeys or touring with younger youngsters.

Understanding the everyday period of a direct flight between these cities facilitates efficient planning. This baseline permits vacationers to realistically estimate complete journey time and make knowledgeable decisions about flight choices, minimizing potential travel-related stress. The flexibility to anticipate the journey’s size is crucial for coordinating connecting journey preparations, scheduling conferences, and maximizing time spent on the vacation spot. Whereas different components can affect total journey period, the direct flight timeframe stays a vital element of planning and optimizing a journey between Chicago and Los Angeles.

2. Connecting Flights

Whereas direct flights provide the quickest journey choice between Chicago and Los Angeles, connecting flights introduce a layer of complexity relating to total journey time. Understanding the implications of connecting flights is essential for correct planning and managing expectations relating to the whole period of the journey.

  • Layover Period

    Probably the most vital issue affecting the size of a connecting flight is the layover period. Layovers can vary from as quick as half-hour to a number of hours, considerably impacting total journey time. A brief layover in a smaller airport would possibly contain a fast gate change, whereas an extended layover in a bigger hub may enable time for a meal and even exploring the airport facilities. Selecting a flight with a shorter layover can cut back complete journey time however will increase the danger of lacking the connecting flight on account of unexpected delays. Conversely, an extended layover gives a buffer in opposition to delays however provides considerably to the general journey time. This issue is especially vital when assessing the whole period of journey from Chicago to Los Angeles.

  • Connecting Airport Location

    The placement of the connecting airport performs a vital position within the complete journey time. Connecting by a busy hub like Denver or Dallas would possibly entail longer taxi occasions and potential delays in comparison with a smaller regional airport. The geographical location additionally influences the size of the connecting flight leg itself. For instance, a connection by a metropolis nearer to the ultimate vacation spot, geographically, will sometimes have a shorter second leg than a connection routed considerably out of the best way. The chosen connecting airport’s effectivity and its susceptibility to delays are additional concerns when evaluating complete journey time between Chicago and Los Angeles.

  • Variety of Connections

    Flights with a number of connections additional lengthen the general journey. Every connection introduces further layover time and will increase the potential for delays. Whereas generally unavoidable on account of route availability or value concerns, every further connection provides complexity and time to the general journey. For journey between Chicago and Los Angeles, choosing a single connection, if a direct flight is unavailable, usually presents a extra environment friendly journey choice in comparison with itineraries with a number of connections. Evaluating the variety of connections is crucial for sensible time administration and planning.

  • Airline Issues

    Totally different airways have various insurance policies and procedures relating to connecting flights. Some airways streamline connections inside their very own community, whereas others could have much less environment friendly interline agreements with accomplice airways. This may have an effect on baggage switch occasions and total connection smoothness. Understanding the precise airline’s connection procedures and potential delays will be helpful when choosing connecting flights between Chicago and Los Angeles. Selecting an airline identified for environment friendly connections can contribute to a smoother and probably shorter total journey.

Contemplating these components, vacationers could make knowledgeable selections about connecting flights between Chicago and Los Angeles. Weighing the potential time financial savings of a brief layover in opposition to the danger of delays and evaluating the connecting airport’s location and effectivity is essential for managing expectations and planning an optimum itinerary. Finally, the selection between a direct or connecting flight relies on particular person priorities, balancing journey time, value, and the potential for disruptions.

3. Wind Situations

Wind circumstances considerably affect flight durations between Chicago and Los Angeles. These two cities are separated by a substantial distance, traversing numerous geographical areas and related climate programs. Sturdy headwinds, blowing immediately in opposition to the plane’s trajectory, enhance air resistance, requiring the aircraft to exert extra energy and consequently lengthening the flight time. Conversely, tailwinds, pushing the plane from behind, cut back air resistance and might shorten the journey. The influence of wind will be substantial; a robust headwind can add an hour or extra to a transcontinental flight, whereas a strong tailwind can shave off the same period of time. The prevailing jet stream, a high-altitude air present, performs a vital position on this dynamic. Its place and energy fluctuate, impacting wind circumstances alongside flight paths and thus affecting journey occasions.

Airways and flight planning programs contemplate wind forecasts when calculating flight durations and gas necessities. Pilots usually regulate their flight paths to reap the benefits of favorable tailwinds or reduce the influence of headwinds, even when it means deviating barely from essentially the most direct route. For instance, a flight from Chicago to Los Angeles would possibly take a extra northerly path to make the most of a robust jet stream tailwind, decreasing journey time and gas consumption. Whereas these changes contribute to effectivity, they spotlight the integral position of wind circumstances in figuring out precise flight durations. Actual-time wind knowledge informs these selections, demonstrating the dynamic nature of flight planning and the continued affect of wind on air journey.

Understanding the influence of wind circumstances gives context for potential variations in flight occasions. Whereas scheduled flight durations provide an estimate, precise journey time can differ on account of prevailing winds. This understanding is especially vital for vacationers with tight connections or time-sensitive itineraries. Monitoring climate forecasts, particularly wind predictions alongside the meant flight path, can provide invaluable insights and permit for extra sensible journey planning. Though wind stays a largely uncontrollable issue, acknowledging its affect gives vacationers with a extra complete understanding of potential variations in flight durations between Chicago and Los Angeles.

4. Air Visitors Management

Air visitors management (ATC) performs a vital position in figuring out flight durations between Chicago and Los Angeles. ATC manages the movement of plane nationwide, guaranteeing protected separation and environment friendly utilization of airspace. Its selections immediately influence flight paths and departure/arrival occasions, consequently influencing total journey period. As an illustration, during times of excessive visitors quantity, ATC could implement floor delays, holding plane at their departure airport to handle congestion on the vacation spot. Such delays can add vital time to a flight, even when the precise airborne period stays unchanged. Equally, ATC could direct plane to take much less direct routes to keep up protected separation, rising flight time in comparison with optimum flight paths. Climate circumstances additionally affect ATC selections, as controllers regulate visitors movement to accommodate storms or different antagonistic climate, probably resulting in rerouting and subsequent will increase in journey time. The complexity of airspace administration, notably alongside busy corridors like these between main hubs similar to Chicago and Los Angeles, necessitates a dynamic strategy by ATC, continually adapting to altering circumstances to keep up security and effectivity.

The influence of ATC on flight durations turns into notably noticeable throughout peak journey seasons or durations of inclement climate. Vacation journey, as an illustration, sometimes sees a surge in air visitors, rising the chance of ATC-related delays. Equally, throughout vital climate occasions, ATC’s position in managing rerouting and guaranteeing security may cause cascading delays that ripple throughout the air visitors community. Understanding the dynamic nature of ATC and its affect on journey time helps vacationers contextualize potential delays. Whereas airways present scheduled flight occasions, these estimates don’t account for potential ATC interventions. Recognizing this inherent variability in air journey permits for extra sensible planning and manages expectations relating to potential deviations from scheduled arrival occasions. Efficient communication between ATC and airways ensures that pilots have essentially the most up-to-date data, facilitating knowledgeable selections relating to flight paths and potential changes to reduce the influence of delays on passenger itineraries.

In abstract, ATC acts as a vital element in figuring out the precise period of flights between Chicago and Los Angeles. Its selections, pushed by components similar to visitors quantity, climate circumstances, and security protocols, immediately influence flight occasions. Whereas usually working unseen by passengers, ATCs affect on journey period is critical, notably alongside busy routes just like the Chicago-Los Angeles hall. Recognizing ATCs position and its dynamic nature facilitates sensible expectations relating to potential delays and underscores the complexity of managing air visitors movement throughout the nationwide airspace system. This consciousness empowers vacationers to anticipate and handle potential variations in journey time, contributing to a smoother and fewer traumatic journey expertise.

5. Airline Alternative

Airline selection performs a big position in figuring out the general journey time between Chicago and Los Angeles. Whereas the flight distance stays fixed, airways function various plane sorts, make the most of completely different routes, and provide numerous schedules, all of which affect the whole period of the journey. Deciding on an airline requires cautious consideration of those components to optimize journey time based mostly on particular person wants and preferences.

  • Direct vs. Connecting Flights

    Airways provide various proportions of direct and connecting flights. Selecting an airline with the next frequency of direct flights typically minimizes journey time in comparison with airways primarily providing connecting itineraries. For instance, whereas some airways could function a number of direct flights day by day between Chicago and Los Angeles, others would possibly primarily provide connecting flights by hub airports, considerably rising complete journey time. Evaluating an airline’s route community and flight schedule is essential for minimizing layovers and maximizing effectivity.

  • Plane Kind and Pace

    Totally different plane sorts have various cruising speeds, which immediately impacts flight period. Whereas the distinction could seem marginal on paper, accumulating over a transcontinental flight can lead to noticeable variations in journey time. Some airways make the most of newer plane with superior engine know-how, enabling quicker cruising speeds and barely shorter flight occasions. Contemplating the plane sort, particularly when evaluating comparable route choices, can present a slight edge in minimizing total journey period.

  • Route Variations

    Airways usually make the most of completely different flight paths between Chicago and Los Angeles. Whereas the great-circle route, the shortest distance between two factors on a sphere, represents the theoretical preferrred, components similar to wind circumstances, air visitors congestion, and airspace restrictions affect precise flight paths. Some airways would possibly go for barely longer routes to reap the benefits of favorable tailwinds, probably decreasing journey time. Conversely, others could adhere to extra direct routes regardless of potential headwinds. Understanding an airline’s typical routing patterns can present perception into potential variations in flight period.

  • Scheduled Departure and Arrival Instances

    Airways provide flights all through the day, every with scheduled departure and arrival occasions. Selecting a flight departing throughout off-peak hours would possibly reduce the danger of air visitors delays, contributing to a extra predictable and probably shorter journey time. Conversely, flights scheduled throughout peak durations are extra inclined to delays, probably lengthening the general journey. Evaluating an airline’s schedule in relation to typical airport congestion patterns can help in choosing a flight that minimizes the danger of delays and optimizes total journey time.

Cautious consideration of those components related to airline selection empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections that optimize journey time between Chicago and Los Angeles. Balancing the comfort of direct flights in opposition to the potential value financial savings of connecting itineraries, contemplating plane sort, understanding routing patterns, and strategically choosing departure and arrival occasions contribute to a extra environment friendly and predictable journey expertise. Finally, the selection of airline considerably influences the general journey period, emphasizing the significance of contemplating these nuances when planning journey between these two main cities.

6. Route Variations

Route variations play a vital position in figuring out the period of flights between Chicago and Los Angeles. Whereas the shortest distance between two factors is a straight line, numerous components affect the precise flight path taken by plane, impacting total journey time. Understanding these components helps contextualize why flight occasions could differ even between seemingly comparable itineraries.

  • Jet Stream Impression

    The jet stream, a high-altitude air present, considerably influences flight paths and durations. Flights usually deviate from essentially the most direct path to make the most of favorable tailwinds related to the jet stream, decreasing journey time and gas consumption. For westbound flights from Chicago to Los Angeles, airways incessantly make use of a extra northerly path to capitalize on jet stream tailwinds. Conversely, eastbound flights would possibly observe a extra southerly trajectory. The jet stream’s place and energy differ, impacting route choice and consequently flight durations.

  • Climate Methods

    Climate programs, together with thunderstorms, turbulence, and areas of icing, necessitate route changes to make sure passenger security. Airways and air visitors management collaborate to reroute flights round antagonistic climate, probably rising flight distances and durations. For instance, a flight from Chicago to Los Angeles would possibly have to deviate south to keep away from a big storm system over the central United States, including time to the general journey. Actual-time climate knowledge informs these selections, emphasizing the dynamic nature of route planning.

  • Airspace Restrictions

    Airspace restrictions, similar to navy workout routines or short-term flight restrictions (TFRs) on account of particular occasions, can necessitate route changes. These restrictions restrict plane entry to sure areas, requiring flights to navigate round them. Whereas important for security and safety, these deviations can enhance flight distances and consequently lengthen journey occasions. Airways issue these restrictions into their flight planning course of, adjusting routes as wanted to adjust to airspace rules.

  • Air Visitors Congestion

    Air visitors congestion, notably round main airports, influences route choice. Air visitors management (ATC) manages plane movement to keep up protected separation and reduce delays. During times of excessive visitors quantity, ATC could direct plane to take much less direct routes to keep away from congestion, impacting flight durations. For instance, a flight from Chicago to Los Angeles could be directed to take a barely longer path to keep away from congested airspace round a serious hub airport, rising journey time.

These components, performing individually or together, contribute to variations in flight routes and durations between Chicago and Los Angeles. Whereas airways attempt to stick to scheduled flight occasions, the dynamic nature of air journey necessitates flexibility in route planning. Understanding the affect of the jet stream, climate programs, airspace restrictions, and air visitors congestion gives invaluable context for potential variations in flight durations. Recognizing these components permits vacationers to understand the complexity of route planning and handle expectations relating to potential deviations from printed flight schedules.

7. Time of 12 months

Seasonal differences considerably affect flight durations between Chicago and Los Angeles. Climate patterns, air visitors quantity, and prevailing wind circumstances fluctuate all year long, impacting flight paths, potential delays, and finally, total journey time. Understanding these seasonal influences permits vacationers to anticipate potential variations and plan accordingly.

  • Winter Climate

    Winter climate, notably snow and ice storms, may cause vital disruptions to air journey. Flights departing from or arriving in Chicago throughout winter are inclined to delays on account of de-icing procedures, runway closures, and air visitors congestion. These delays can cascade, impacting connecting flights and lengthening total journey time. Whereas Los Angeles experiences milder winters, its proximity to mountainous areas can introduce occasional weather-related delays. Contemplating the potential for winter climate disruptions is essential for journey planning throughout this season.

  • Summer season Journey Season

    Summer season represents peak journey season, with elevated air visitors quantity between Chicago and Los Angeles. Greater demand for flights throughout this era can result in elevated airport congestion, longer taxi occasions, and a larger chance of air visitors control-related delays. Moreover, summer season thunderstorms, prevalent in lots of elements of the US, can disrupt flight schedules and contribute to prolonged journey occasions. Planning for potential delays throughout the busy summer season journey season is crucial for managing expectations and minimizing disruptions.

  • Shoulder Seasons (Spring and Fall)

    The shoulder seasons, spring and fall, sometimes provide a stability between favorable climate circumstances and average air visitors quantity. These durations usually current extra predictable flight schedules in comparison with the extremes of winter and summer season. Whereas occasional climate disruptions can nonetheless happen, the chances are typically decrease, contributing to probably shorter and extra dependable journey occasions. Contemplating journey throughout the shoulder seasons can provide a compromise between nice climate and minimized journey disruptions.

  • Prevailing Wind Patterns

    Prevailing wind patterns shift all year long, influencing flight durations between Chicago and Los Angeles. The place and energy of the jet stream, a high-altitude air present, differ seasonally, impacting the potential for tailwinds or headwinds. Westbound flights throughout winter would possibly expertise stronger headwinds, rising journey time, whereas eastbound flights throughout summer season would possibly profit from tailwinds, decreasing total period. Understanding these seasonal wind patterns gives context for potential variations in flight occasions.

Contemplating these seasonal components gives vacationers with a extra complete understanding of potential variations in flight durations between Chicago and Los Angeles. Planning for potential winter climate disruptions, anticipating elevated congestion throughout the summer season journey season, contemplating the relative predictability of shoulder seasons, and acknowledging the affect of prevailing wind patterns all contribute to extra sensible expectations and efficient journey planning. By incorporating these seasonal concerns into their decision-making course of, vacationers can optimize their itineraries and reduce the influence of potential delays.

8. Airport Visitors

Airport visitors considerably influences the general period of a journey between Chicago and Los Angeles. Whereas the scheduled flight time represents the estimated airborne period, numerous ground-based components associated to airport visitors contribute to the whole journey time. Understanding these components permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and plan accordingly.

  • Departure Delays

    Congestion on the departure airport, notably throughout peak hours or durations of inclement climate, can result in vital departure delays. Taxi occasions, the period an plane spends on the bottom navigating to the runway, can enhance considerably on account of excessive visitors quantity. These delays immediately influence the general journey time, even when the precise flight period stays unchanged. For instance, a flight scheduled to depart from Chicago O’Hare throughout the morning rush hour would possibly expertise prolonged taxi occasions, including to the whole journey period to Los Angeles.

  • Arrival Delays

    Just like departure delays, congestion on the arrival airport, Los Angeles Worldwide Airport (LAX) on this case, can lengthen total journey time. Upon touchdown, plane would possibly expertise prolonged taxi occasions whereas ready for an accessible gate. Excessive arrival visitors quantity can additional contribute to delays, impacting connecting flight schedules and floor transportation preparations. Understanding the everyday arrival visitors patterns at LAX might help vacationers anticipate potential delays and plan accordingly.

  • Connecting Flight Implications

    Airport visitors at connecting airports, if relevant, additional influences total journey time between Chicago and Los Angeles. A delayed arrival on account of congestion at a connecting airport may cause passengers to overlook their subsequent flight, necessitating rebooking and considerably extending the whole journey period. Selecting itineraries with ample connection occasions, notably throughout peak journey durations, can mitigate this threat, though it provides to the scheduled journey time. Evaluating the historic on-time efficiency of connecting flights can present insights into the potential for traffic-related delays.

  • Airport Procedures and Floor Transportation

    Past flight-specific delays, airport visitors impacts floor transportation preparations and airport procedures. Longer wait occasions for bags declare, safety checkpoint queues, and floor transportation providers contribute to the whole time spent on the airport, rising the general period of the journey. Anticipating potential congestion throughout peak hours and planning accordingly, similar to using expedited safety applications or pre-arranging floor transportation, might help reduce these delays and optimize total journey effectivity.

Contemplating the multifaceted influence of airport visitors gives vacationers with a extra sensible understanding of complete journey time between Chicago and Los Angeles. Whereas the scheduled flight period represents a vital baseline, incorporating potential delays associated to departure and arrival congestion, connecting flight implications, and airport procedures permits for extra correct planning and minimizes potential journey disruptions. Recognizing the dynamic nature of airport visitors and its vital affect on total journey period empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections and optimize their itineraries accordingly.

Often Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to flight durations between Chicago and Los Angeles.

Query 1: What’s the typical period of a nonstop flight between Chicago and Los Angeles?

Nonstop flights typically vary from 4 to 5 hours, relying on components similar to wind circumstances and air visitors management.

Query 2: How do connecting flights have an effect on total journey time?

Connecting flights add time on account of layovers, which may vary from transient connections to a number of hours. The overall period relies on layover size, connecting airport location, and potential delays.

Query 3: How does the time of yr affect flight period?

Seasonal climate patterns, notably winter storms and summer season thunderstorms, can influence flight schedules and result in delays. Peak journey seasons, like summer season and holidays, additionally contribute to elevated airport congestion.

Query 4: Do completely different airways affect journey time?

Airways make the most of numerous plane sorts, routes, and schedules, all impacting total journey time. Selecting an airline with extra direct flights and environment friendly connections can reduce journey period.

Query 5: What position does air visitors management play in flight durations?

Air visitors management manages airspace and might implement delays or rerouting on account of congestion, climate, or different components, influencing total journey time.

Query 6: How can vacationers reduce potential journey delays?

Selecting direct flights when possible, reserving flights throughout off-peak hours, permitting ample connection time, and monitoring climate forecasts might help reduce potential delays.

Understanding these components gives a complete perspective on potential variations in journey time between Chicago and Los Angeles.

The following part will discover methods for locating essentially the most appropriate flights and optimizing journey preparations based mostly on particular person wants and preferences.

Ideas for Optimizing Chicago to Los Angeles Journey

Environment friendly planning is essential for optimizing journey between Chicago and Los Angeles. The following pointers present sensible methods for managing journey time successfully.

Tip 1: Prioritize Direct Flights: Direct flights reduce total journey time by eliminating layovers and related dangers of missed connections. When possible, choosing a nonstop itinerary considerably streamlines the journey.

Tip 2: Take into account Time of 12 months: Touring throughout shoulder seasons (spring and fall) usually presents a stability between favorable climate and average airport visitors, probably decreasing delays.

Tip 3: Ebook Flights Strategically: Deciding on flights departing throughout off-peak hours can reduce the influence of airport congestion, probably shortening taxi occasions and decreasing delays.

Tip 4: Consider Airline Choices: Totally different airways provide various schedules, routes, and plane sorts. Researching airline choices and contemplating components similar to frequency of direct flights and typical route patterns aids in choosing essentially the most environment friendly itinerary.

Tip 5: Monitor Climate Forecasts: Climate, notably wind circumstances and storms, can considerably influence flight durations and result in delays. Monitoring climate forecasts permits for proactive changes to journey plans and manages expectations relating to potential disruptions.

Tip 6: Think about Airport Procedures: Airport procedures, similar to safety checkpoints and baggage declare, add to total journey time. Planning for these procedures and using expedited providers when accessible can optimize effectivity.

Tip 7: Account for Floor Transportation: Journey time extends past the flight itself. Factoring in floor transportation preparations, contemplating potential visitors delays, and pre-booking transportation providers can streamline the general journey.

Tip 8: Make the most of Flight Monitoring Instruments: Actual-time flight monitoring instruments present up-to-date data on flight standing, potential delays, and gate data, facilitating proactive changes and knowledgeable decision-making.

By implementing these methods, vacationers can successfully handle expectations, reduce potential disruptions, and optimize total journey time between Chicago and Los Angeles.

The concluding part summarizes key takeaways and gives closing suggestions for environment friendly journey planning between these two main cities.

Conclusion

Flight period between Chicago and Los Angeles is influenced by a fancy interaction of things. Direct flights sometimes span 4 to 5 hours, offering a baseline for journey planning. Nevertheless, connecting flights, whereas probably providing value financial savings, introduce variability on account of layover durations and connecting airport places. Climate programs, notably wind circumstances, play a big position, with tailwinds expediting journeys and headwinds inflicting delays. Air visitors management, managing airspace and visitors movement, can additional influence flight occasions by rerouting and floor delays. Airline decisions affect period by various plane sorts, routes, and schedules. Seasonal differences in climate and air visitors quantity contribute to fluctuations in journey time, with peak seasons usually experiencing elevated delays. Lastly, airport visitors, together with floor procedures and transportation preparations, provides to total journey period.

Efficient journey planning necessitates a complete understanding of those components. Strategic decision-making, knowledgeable by consciousness of those variables, empowers vacationers to optimize itineraries, reduce potential disruptions, and handle expectations relating to sensible journey occasions between Chicago and Los Angeles. Cautious consideration of those parts transforms the journey from a possible supply of stress right into a manageable and predictable element of journey.